05. Carajás, Brazil
I-KARAGAS ingumkhiqizi omkhulu we-iron ore emhlabeni, futhi ilinganiselwa emathani angama-7.2 bn.I-Mine Operator yayo, i-Vale, uchwepheshe wensimbi nezimayini wase-Brazil, ingumkhiqizi omkhulu kunayo yonke wensimbi ne-nickel emhlabeni futhi isebenzisa izindawo eziyisishiyagalolunye zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi.Imayini inikwa amandla yidamu elikhiqiza ugesi laseTukurui eliseduze, okungenye yephrojekthi ekhiqiza kakhulu yaseBrazil kanye nephrojekthi yokuqala yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi ezoqedwa ehlathini lemvula lase-Amazon.U-Tukuri, nokho, ungaphandle kwesifunda sika-Vale.I-Karagas iron ore iyigugu kumqhele ka-Vale.Itshe lawo liqukethe i-iron engamaphesenti angama-67 futhi ngenxa yalokho linikeza insimbi yezinga eliphezulu kakhulu.Uchungechunge lwezinsiza emayini lumboza amaphesenti angu-3 ehlathi likazwelonke lase-Brazilian, futhi i-CVRD izibophezele ekuvikeleni amaphesenti angu-97 asele ngokusebenzisana namasu ne-ICMBIO kanye ne-IBAMA.Phakathi kwamanye amaphrojekthi entuthuko esimeme, i-Vale isungule uhlelo lokugaywa kabusha kwensimbi eyenza inkampani ikwazi ukucubungula kabusha amathani ayizigidi ezi-5.2 we-ultra-fine ore efakwe emachibini e-tailings.
Umbhalo ochazayo:
Amaminerali ayinhloko: insimbi
Umsebenzisi: Vale
Ukuqala: 1969
Ukukhiqizwa konyaka: amathani ayizigidi eziyi-104.88 (2013)
04. Grasberg, Indonesia
Eyaziwa iminyaka eminingi njengediphozi yegolide enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, idiphozi yegolide yase-Glasberg e-Indonesia iyidiphozi yegolide evamile, lapho izinqolobane zayo zazibhekwa njengento engenamsebenzi maphakathi nawo-1980, kwaze kwaba yilapho kuhlolwa ngo-1988 e-PT Freeport Indonesia lapho kwatholakala khona ukuthi zineziqiwu ezibalulekile ezisambiwa.Izimali zayo ezigciniwe zilinganiselwa ukuthi zibiza cishe amabhiliyoni angama-40 futhi iningi liphethwe yiFreeport-McMoRan ngokubambisana ne-Rio Tinto, enye yezikhondlakhondla zezimayini ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni.Imayini inesilinganiso esiyingqayizivele futhi iyimayini yegolide ephakeme kunazo zonke emhlabeni (5030m) .Iwumgodi ovulekile ngokwengxenye futhi ingaphansi komhlaba.Kusukela ngo-2016, cishe u-75% womkhiqizo wawo uvela ezimayini zemigodi evulekile.IFreeport-McMoRan ihlela ukuphothula ukufakwa kwesithando somlilo esisha embonini ngo-2022.
Umbhalo ochazayo:
Amaminerali amakhulu: Igolide
Umsebenzisi: PT Freeport Indonesia
Ukuqala: 1972
Ukukhiqizwa konyaka: amathani angama-26.8 (2019)
03. Debmarine, Namibia
I-Debmarine Namibia ihlukile ngoba akuyona imayini ejwayelekile, kodwa uchungechunge lwezimayini zasogwini oluholwa yi-Debmarine Namibia, i-50-50 ngokubambisana phakathi kwe-De Beer Group kanye nohulumeni waseNamibia.Lo msebenzi wenzeke ngasogwini oluseningizimu yeNamibia futhi inkampani yatshala imikhumbi emihlanu ukuze ilande amadayimane.NgoMeyi 2019, leli bhizinisi elihlanganyelwe lamemezela ukuthi lizothuthukisa futhi lethule umkhumbi wokuqala wokubuyisela idayimane ngokwezifiso emhlabeni, ozoqala ukusebenza ngo-2022 ngezindleko zamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-468.I-Debmarine Namibia ithi iwutshalomali olubaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wemboni yedayimane yasolwandle.Imisebenzi yezimayini yenziwa ngobuchwepheshe obubili obubalulekile: ukubhola emoyeni kanye nobuchwepheshe bezimayini bohlobo lwe-crawler.Umkhumbi ngamunye emkhunjini uyakwazi ukulandelela, ukuthola nokuhlola indawo engaphansi kolwandle, usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokubhola ukuze kwandiswe ukukhiqizwa.
Umbhalo ochazayo:
Amaminerali amakhulu: idayimane
Umsebenzisi: Debmarine Namibia
Ukuqala: 2002
Ukukhiqizwa konyaka: I-1.4 MILLION CARAT
02. Morenci, US
IMoresi, e-Arizona, ingenye yabakhiqizi abakhulu kakhulu bekhopha emhlabeni, enezinqolobane ezilinganiselwe zamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.2 kanye nethusi elingamaphesenti angu-0.16.IFreeport-McMoRan inamasheya amaningi emayini kanti iSumitomo inamaphesenti angama-28 ekusebenzeni kwayo.Imayini ibilokhu izimayini emigodini evulekile kusukela ngo-1939 futhi ikhiqiza amathani angaba ngu-102 000 ensimbi yethusi ngonyaka.Ekuqaleni imayini yayimbiwa ngaphansi komhlaba, yaqala inguquko yezimayini zemigodi evulekile ngo-1937. Imayini ye-MORESI, ingxenye ebalulekile yemisebenzi yezempi yase-US phakathi nempi, yacishe yaphinda kabili imiphumela yayo phakathi neMpi Yezwe II.Izincibilikisi zayo ezimbili zomlando ziye zaqedwa futhi zasetshenziswa kabusha, okwesibili kwazo kwayeka ukusebenza ngo-1984. Ngo-2015, kwaphothulwa iphrojekthi yokukhulisa imboni yensimbi, okukhuphula umthamo wefekthri ukuba ube ngamathani ayi-115,000 ngosuku.Imayini kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele ku-2044.
Umbhalo ochazayo:
Amaminerali amakhulu: Ithusi
Umsebenzisi: Freeport-McMoRan
Ukuqala: 1939
Ukukhiqizwa konyaka: amathani ayi-102,000
01. Mponeng, South Africa
I-MPONENG Gold Mine, etholakala cishe ku-65 km entshonalanga yeGoli futhi cishe amakhilomitha amane ngaphansi kobuso beGauteng, iyindawo yegolide ejule kakhulu emhlabeni ngokwezinga eliphezulu.Ngokujula kwemayini, izinga lokushisa le-Rock surface lafinyelela cishe ku-66 °C, futhi udaka lweqhwa lwaphonswa phansi, lwehlisa izinga lokushisa lomoya libe ngaphansi kuka-30 °C.Imayini isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokulandelela i-elekthronikhi ukuze kwandiswe ukuphepha kwabavukuzi, ubuchwepheshe busiza ukwazisa ngokushesha nangempumelelo abasebenzi abangaphansi komhlaba ngolwazi olufanele lokuphepha.I-Anglogold Ashanti ingumnikazi futhi isebenzisa imayini, kodwa yavuma ukudayisela i-Harmony Gold lesi sikhungo ngo-February 2020. NgoJuni 2020, i-Harmony Gold yayisihlanganise imali engaphezu kuka-$200m ukuze ixhase ukutholwa kwezimpahla ze-MPONENG eziphethwe yi-AngloGold.
Umbhalo ochazayo:
Amaminerali amakhulu: Igolide
Umsebenzisi: Harmony Gold
Ukuqala: 1981
Ukukhiqizwa konyaka: amathani ayi-9.9
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-22-2022