Yeka ukwenza iphutha nge-sodium sulfide!

“Yeka inkinga!”Indoda egqoke ama-ovaroli abulala amagciwane yadonsa imaski yayo yegesi ngokuphelelwa isineke, “Hhayi-ke, mfowethu, le nto inobuthi obukhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inzima kangakanani, kufanele uhambe nazo zonke lezi zinto!”Enye Indoda ende yelula isandla sayo segilavu yenjoloba yambambatha indoda ehlombe.“Kodwa ungangitsheli, le nto idayisa kahle kakhulu.Ngi-ode elinye iqoqo lezimpahla izolo.Uma ngithola imali, mina nomfowethu siyophuza!”

I-Sodium Sulfide yabheka izibalo zalaba bantu ababili ababehamba kancane kancane, kodwa inkulumo yokuntula isineke yale ndoda yayisemqondweni wayo, njengokungathi yayibuyele esikhathini lapho wonke umuntu ayeyigwema kudala...

l Angithandi i-sodium sulfide

"Kuyini lokhu!Isandla sami, isandla sami sibuhlungu kakhulu!”

“Yini enuka kangaka!Kungani linuka njengamaqanda abolile!”

Abanye abantu bamemeza kakhulu bebambe izandla ezibomvu nezichotshoziwe, abanye bavale amakhala bakhomba, kwase kuba isiphithiphithi.

Kusenjalo othile wakhomba inqwaba yama flakes abomvu ngokunsundu naphuzi okhakhi bese ememeza: “Yilokhu!I-sodium sulfide!”

I-sodium sulfide eyayibizwa ngegama layo yavele yavevezela, kwangathi kukhona okhiphe iphuzu elibalulekile wangabe esanyakaza.

Ngenkathi ikanye namanye amatshe amakhemikhali ngaphambili, yayiwuhlobo oluhlukile lwawo.Yayazi ukuthi inobuthi, noma inobuthi obuningi.Yayingahlala nabanye ababehamba nayo abanobuthi, futhi labo ababengakwazi ukuyisebenzisa babeyigwema., abantu abangayisebenzisa bazoyithola inzima kakhulu.

I-Sodium Sulfide yabuka isixuku esiza futhi ihamba, futhi yafuna ukuphikisa ukuthi yayingesabi ngempela, kodwa yaphinde yabheka "izindaba zokuphepha" ezifakwe odongeni.

I-sodium sulfide yehlisa ikhanda layo, kufanele iphikise kanjani?Baqinisile labo bantu, impela insizwa ehlupha kakhulu.

Qaphela ukuthi ungayidli ngephutha, noma ngisho nephunga eliphumayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi udinga ukugqoka imaski yegesi;ngisho nokuthinta nje kalula kuzobangela ububomvu nokugwaza ngenxa yokugqwala kwayo, ukuze bonke abantu abangase bahlangane nayo Izisebenzi zayo kufanele zigqoke amagilavu enjoloba futhi zigqoke ngisho nezimpahla zokusebenza ezivimbela ukugqwala;ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuqashelwe ukugwema ukuvuza kanye nokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile akhiqizwayo.Uma igesi encibilikisiwe kanye ne-volatilized ingaphathwa kahle, i-sulfide emanzini kulula ukuyifaka i-hydrolyze, ngendlela ye-H2S Ikhishwe emoyeni, isicanucanu nokuhlanza ngokushesha ngemva kokumuncwa ngenani elikhulu ngabantu, ngisho nobunzima bokuphefumula. , ukuminza, njll., okubangela umuzwa onamandla wobuthi.Uma ifinyelela ku-15-30mg/m3 emoyeni, izobangela ukuvuvukala kolwelwesi lwamehlo nokulimala kwenzwa ye-optic.I-H2S ehlakazekile emoyeni ihogelwa abantu isikhathi eside, futhi izosabela nge-cytochrome, oxidase kanye nezibopho ze-disulfide kumaprotheni omuntu nama-amino acids emzimbeni womuntu, okuthinta inqubo ye-oxidation yamangqamuzana, okubangela i-hypoxia emangqamuzaneni, futhi ibe sengozini. impilo yomuntu.ukuphila.Futhi uma amanzi angcolile enganakwa kahle, okuholela ekuphuzeni isikhathi eside kwamanzi ane-sulfide ephezulu, angabangela ukunambitheka okumuncu, ukulahlekelwa ukudla, ukuncipha kwesisindo, ukukhula kwezinwele ezibuthakathaka, nokwehluleka nokufa ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu.

I-Sodium Sulfide yaphefumula, kwavela ukuthi wayeyinkinga ngempela.

l I-Sodium sulfide: Kuyiqiniso ukuthi inobuthi, futhi kuyiqiniso ukuthi iwusizo

"I-sodium sulfide futhi."

Lapho ngizwa lo musho, i-sodium sulfide yakhululeka.Kwase kuzoqala ukusebenza.Uma iqhathaniswa nokuhlala endaweni egcina izinga lokushisa eliphansi neyomile, yayincamela ukucwiliswa emanzini, incibilike, noma ihlanganiswe namanye amakhemikhali.Umkhiqizo unokusabela okumangalisayo.

“Hey, ngane.Umuhle kakhulu.Unokusebenzisa okuningi, izinhlobonhlobo zezinkambu, nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu.Akumangalisi ukuthi abantu abaningi kangaka baya-oda. ”

“Ngempela?Ngiwusizo ngempela?”

ISodium Sulfide yaphakamisa ikhanda, amehlo akhe ayegcwele ukulindela, kodwa umzimba wakhe wawusashwabene ekhoneni, engalinge ukuya phambili.

“Yebo, uyabona, ungenza odayi besibabule embonini kadayi, abangaba izinto zokwakha ze-sulfur cyan ne-sulfur blue;Ukususwa kwezinwele;Ukulungiswa kwe-sodium polysulfide ukusheshisa ukucwiliswa kwesikhumba esomile nokuthambisa nakho kubalulekile;ubuye usetshenziswe njenge-ejenti yokupheka yephepha embonini yamaphepha;ukukhishwa kwe-denitrification kanye nokwehliswa kwe-nitrate embonini yendwangu nakho kuyindima yakho;ukudaya kwe-mordant kwe-ejenti yokudaya indwangu kakotini;ngisho nasembonini yezemithi, ingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ama-antipyretics afana ne-phenacetin;hhayi lezi kuphela, ungaphinda uyisebenzisele ukwenza i-sodium thiosulfate, i-sodium hydrosulfide, i-sodium polysulfide, njll. Konke lokhu okwakho Kuyasebenza!”

I-sodium sulfide yacabanga ngakho isikhathi eside ngalolo suku.Kusewusizo, akugcini nje ngokuba namaphutha.Njengoba inzima, kufanele isetshenziswe ngokugcwele.Lena indlela engcono kakhulu futhi okufanele ikwenze.

Embonini ye-metallurgical, ingakwazi ukususa ngokuphumelelayo ama-ion angcolile njenge-Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, njll. ezixazululweni zomhlaba ezingavamile.Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukulawula i-pH cishe ku-5 nokwengeza i-Na2S emhlabeni ongavamile ukususa ukungcola akugcini nje ngokuba nomthelela omuhle wokukhipha ukungcola, kodwa futhi akulahleki umhlaba ongavamile.

Noma bhekana namanzi angcolile aqukethe i-mercury ayingozi kakhulu endaweni ezungezile nempilo yomuntu.Embonini eyenza i-soda, okuqukethwe kwemercury emanzini angcolile alahliwe ngokuvamile kuphezulu, kudlula izinga lamazwe ngamazwe (0.05mg/L).Esixazululweni esibuthakathaka esikhiphayo (pH 8-11), ama-ion e-mercury angakha ama-insoluble precipitates nge-sodium sulfide.Kungabonakala kuthebula elinamathiselwe ukuthi umkhiqizo wokuncibilika we-HgS mncane kakhulu (Ksp=1.6×10-52).Ngocwaningo, kunqunywa ukuthi umphumela wokwelapha ungcono kakhulu uma inani le-Na2S lingashintshi futhi inani le-pH lilawulwa ku-9-10, futhi i-Hg2+ emanzini angcolile ingehliswa ibe ngaphansi kwezinga likazwelonke (0.05mg/ L).Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwengeza i-FeSO4 ukuze ikhiqize ama-colloid e-Fe(OH)2 kanye ne-Fe(OH)3 emanzini, lawa ma-colloid awakwazi nje ukukhangisa ama-ion e-mercury kuphela, kodwa futhi acuphe futhi amboze izinhlayiya eziqinile ze-HgS ezimisiwe, ezidlala indima enhle ekubhimbeni nasemvuleni. .I-sediment akulula ukuthi ingcoliswe kabili futhi ilungele ukulahlwa.

Ingasetshenziswa futhi ukususa i-arsenic.Kufanele kwaziwe ukuthi i-arsenic ngokuvamile ikhona kumaminerali ngendlela ye-sulfide.Phakathi nenqubo ye-pyro-smelting, iningi le-arsenic liyashintshashintsha libe yi-flue gas nothuli, ikakhulukazi ukukhishwa okuqondile kwe-low-concentration SO2 kuzongcolisa imvelo.Ngakho-ke, ukususwa kwe-arsenic kufanele kwenziwe ngaphambi kokwelashwa okulandelayo noma ukukhipha igesi ye-flue.Sebenzisa isisombululo se-Na2S ukuze umunce i-SO2 flue gas, ukuze i-As3+ ne-S2- ifomu i-As2S3 ijuluke (Ksp=2.1×10-22), ku-pH ephakeme (pH>8), i-As2S3 ingancibilika ukuze yakhe i-As3S3-6 noma i-AsS2- 3, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-pH ephansi, isisombululo sizokhiqiza igesi ye-H2S.Ucwaningo lwe-Yin Aijun et al.[4] ibonisa ukuthi lapho i-pH yesisombululo ilawulwa ebangeni lika-2.0 kuya ku-5.5, isikhathi sokuphendula imizuzu engu-50, izinga lokushisa lokuphendula liyi-30 kuya ku-50 ° C, futhi i-flocculant ingeziwe, izinga lokususwa kwe-arsenic lingafinyelela. 90%.%ngaphezulu.Ekukhiqizeni ikhabhoni emnyama yokwelapha, ukuze kwehliswe okuqukethwe kwe-arsenic engcolile ku-sulfuric acid egxilile yokukhiqiza impahla eluhlaza, i-sodium sulfide yengezwa ku-concentrated sulfuric acid ukwenza i-As3+ ifomu i-As2S3 futhi igweme futhi iyisuse.Umkhuba wokukhiqiza ubonisa ukuthi i-sodium sulfide isusa i-arsenic hhayi kuphela ngesivinini sokuphendula okusheshayo, kodwa futhi nokususwa okuphelele kwe-arsenic.Okuqukethwe kwe-arsenic ku-sulfuric acid ngemva kokukhipha i-arsenic kungaphansi kwe-0.5 × 10-6, futhi okuqukethwe kwe-arsenic ye-carbon black ekhiqizwa ngale nto eluhlaza ≤0.0003%, ehambisana ngokugcwele nemithethonqubo efanele.

Iphinde idlale indima enkulu ku-electroplating!

Okokuqala, isebenza njengesikhanyisi.I-sodium sulfide incibilika emanzini futhi i-ionized ibe ama-ion sodium (Na+) ane-positively charged sulfide ions (S2-).Ngesikhathi senqubo ye-electroplating, ukuba khona kwe-S2- ku-electrolyte kungakhuthaza i-cathode polarization.Ngesikhathi esifanayo Ngaphansi kwalesi simo, isivinini sokusabela kwe-cathode siyashesha.Ijubane lokubeka libuye lisheshiswe, ikhono lokucwenga elijulile liyakhula, ukumboza kuyacwengwa, futhi ingaphezulu lengxenye ehlanganisiwe liyakhanya ngokuhambisanayo.

Ingase futhi isuse ukungcola ku-electrolyte, ikakhulukazi ngoba ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza i-electroplating, ukungcola okungaphezulu noma okuncane ezintweni zokusetshenziswa kuzolethwa kusixazululo se-plating.Lokhu kungcola kusabela ngendlela ehlukile ngaphansi kwesenzo sama-electrode, futhi ukungcola okunamandla aphansi kuzofakwa ebusweni bengxenye ehlanganisiwe kanye ne-Zn2 +, okuthinta ikhwalithi yongqimba olucwetshiwe.Ngemva kokwengeza i-sodium sulfide, i-S2- ku-sodium sulfide ingenza ama-precipitates ngama-ion angcolile ensimbi, ivimbele ukungcola ukubamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni kwe-electrochemical futhi yenze ukunamathela kukhanye.

Noma sebenzisa i-sodium sulfide solution ye-flue gas desulfurization.Indlela yokutakula ye-SO2 ku-flue gas ngokuyinhloko ukuguqula i-SO2 ibe yi-H2SO4, i-SO2 enguketshezi kanye nesibabule esiyisisekelo.I-Elemental sulphur nayo ingumkhiqizo okahle wokugaywa kabusha ngenxa yokuphatha nokuhamba kalula.Inqubo entsha yokukhiqiza i-elemental sulphur ngokusebenzisa i-H2S ekhiqizwe kusixazululo se-Na2S njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa ukunciphisa i-SO2.Le nqubo ilula futhi ayidingi ukusebenzisa izinto zokunciphisa ezibizayo njengegesi yemvelo namalahle anesulfure ephansi njengobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza okuvamile.Lapho i-pH yesisombululo yehla ibe ngu-8.5-7.5, ukumunca i-SO2 nge-Na2S kuzokhiqiza i-H2S, futhi i-H2S ne-SO2 izobhekana nokusabela kukaClaus okumanzi esigabeni soketshezi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-sodium sulfide ingasetshenziswa njenge-inhibitor ukusiza ukuzuza.Uma nje kunezici ezimbili, enye iwukuthi i-Na2S i-hydrolyzed ukukhiqiza i-HS-, futhi i-HS- ayifaki i-xanthate adsorbed ebusweni bamaminerali e-sulfide, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-adsorbed ebusweni bamaminerali ukwandisa i-hydrophilicity. izindawo zamaminerali;ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukholelwa ukuthi i-Na2S idlala indima yokuvimbela hhayi kuphela Ibangelwa ukukhangiswa kwe-HS- endaweni yamaminerali, futhi kufanele ihlotshaniswe ne-S2- ekhiqizwe yi-ionization ye-Na2S kusisombululo samanzi.

Ngenxa yomkhiqizo omkhulu wokunyibilika we-PbS kanye nomkhiqizo omncane wokuncibilika we-PbX2, lapho i-Na2S yengezwa, ukugxila kwe-S2- kuyanda, futhi ibhalansi ishintshela kwesokunxele, okwenza i-xanthate inamathele ku-mineral surface desorb, ukuze i-Na2S ingavimbela umphumela we-mineral surface.Ngokusebenzisa umthelela wokuvimbela we-Na2S, ukuntanta kwe-Ni2S3 kungavinjelwa ngokungeza i-Na2S, ukuze ukuhlukaniswa okuphumelelayo kwe-Cu2S ne-Ni2S3 ku-nickel matte ephezulu kubonakale.Kwezinye izitshalo ezihlomula nge-lead-zinc, ngenxa yezinkinga zemishini kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezingenangqondo, i-slag ngemva kokuntanta isaqukethe umthofu ophezulu kanye ne-zinc.Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokukhanyiswa kwama-ejenti athile e-flotation ebusweni bayo, ukupakisha isikhathi eside kuzodala udaka olubi, oluzodala ubunzima obukhulu ekuhlukaniseni kabusha insimbi ephakathi yomthofu-zinc.Isebenzisa umthelela ovimbayo we-Na2S, i-Na2S ingasetshenziswa njengesisebenzi sokuqeda i-xanthate ekhangisiwe endaweni yamaminerali, ukuze kube lula ukwenza umsebenzi wokuntanta okulandelayo.I-lead-zinc medium ore eqoqwe ku-Shaanxi Xinhe Concentrator yafakwa ngaphambili nge-sodium sulfide ukuze kukhishwe izidakamizwa, kwase kwenziwa i-flotation ukuze kutholwe ukugxilwa komthofu okunokuqukethwe komthofu okungama-63.23% kanye ne-zinc egxile ku-zinc engu-55.89% (umthofu kanye Izinga lokubuyisela i-zinc lingafinyelela ku-60.56% kanye nama-85.55% ngokulandelana), okwenza ukusetshenziswa ngokugcwele kwemithombo yamaminerali yesibili.Ekuhlungeni ama-copper-zinc sulfide ores, ngenxa ye-symbiosis eminyene yamaminerali, okuqukethwe kwesibabule kanye nethusi eliphakeme lesibili, kunzima ukuhlukanisa.Lolu hlobo lwe-ore lucushwe yi-Cu2+ ngesikhathi sokugaya, futhi ukuntanta kwalo Kuseduze ne-chalcopyrite, ngakho amaminerali ethusi ne-zinc akulula ukuwahlukanisa.Lapho ucubungula lolu hlobo lwe-ore, ngokungeza i-Na2S ngesikhathi sokugaya i-ore, i-S2- ekhiqizwa i-hydrolysis ye-Na2S kanye namanye ama-ion ensimbi esindayo anekhono lokuvula, njenge-Cu2+, enza i-insoluble sulfide precipitates ukususa ukusebenza kwalawa ma-ion ensimbi esindayo.Khona-ke, ngokungeza i-zinc ne-sulphur inhibitors, usebenzisa i-butyl ammonium black drug ukuze ukhethe ngokukhethekileyo imisila yethusi-yethusi yokukhethwa kwe-zinc-zinc tailings yokuhlukaniswa kwesibabule ukuze uthole ukugxila kwethusi ngo-25.10% wethusi kanye nokugxila kwe-zinc nge-41.20% ye-zinc ore nesibabule umthamo wesulfure ongu-38.96%.

Lapho i-sodium sulfide isetshenziswa njenge-activator, ifilimu ye-FeS ingakhiwa ebusweni be-limonite.Ngoba nge-pH ephakeme, ifilimu ye-FeS ingakhuphula ukukhangiswa kwama-amine amangqamuzana, ngakho izinhlayiya ze-FeS reagent zingasetshenziselwa ukuntanta ku-pH ephezulu.I-amine flotation ye-limonite.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Na2S ingasetshenziswa njenge-activator ye-flotation yamaminerali e-copper oxide.Uma inani elifanele le-Na2S lengezwa esixazululweni se-flotation, i-S2- ehlukanisiwe ibhekana nokusabela kokugudluka nama-anion e-lattice ebusweni beminerali ene-oxidized ukuze yakhe ifilimu ye-sulfide ebusweni be-copper oxide mineral, enenzuzo i-adsorption yabaqoqi be-xanthate.Nokho, ifilimu ye-copper sulfide eyakhelwe phezu kwe-copper oxide ore ayiqini kakhulu, futhi kulula ukuwa lapho ukugoqa kunamandla.Lapho usebenzelana nemayini yethusi yase-Totozui e-Daye, i-Hubei (amaminerali aqukethe ithusi ikakhulukazi akhiwe nge-malachite), indlela yokuntanta yokwengeza i-Na2S ngezigaba eziningi nokukhipha okugxilile ezindaweni eziningi kunciphisa ukujikeleza kwe-ore ephakathi, kanye nokugxila kwethusi. isilinganiso sebanga Uhlelo lokukhiqiza lwenziwe ngcono ngo-2.1%, futhi izinga lokutholwa kwethusi negolide likhuphuke ngo-25.98% no-10.81% ngokulandelana.I-Na2S ingasetshenziswa futhi njengesivusi sokuntanta se-pyrite esicindezelwe i-peralkali lime ohlelweni lwe-perkalime.Kuhlelo lwe-alkali ephezulu, ingaphezulu le-pyrite limbozwe ifilimu ye-hydrophilic calcium (Ca(OH)2, CaSO4), evimbela ukuntanta kwayo.Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ngemva kokwengeza i-Na2S, i-hydrolyzed HS- ions ingakhama i-Ca(OH)2, CaSO4 kanye ne-Fe(OH)3 emboze ubuso be-pyrite ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingakhangiswa ubuso be-pyrite..Ngenxa yokuthi i-pyrite inamandla okudlulisa ama-electron, lapho amandla esixhumi esibonakalayo se-pyrite makhulu kune-EHS/S0, i-HS- ilahlekelwa ama-electron ebusweni be-xanthate ukuze ikhiqize i-hydrophobic elemental sulfur.I-elemental sulfur ewumphumela ivala ingaphezulu leminerali, ngaleyo ndlela iyenze isebenze ukuze intante kalula.

Uma isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokuntanta eyakhiwe yamaminerali egolide nawesiliva, njengoba ukuntanta okungaqoqi kwama-ores egolide kusebenzisa ngokugcwele isimiso se-electrochemical kanye nomehluko we-elekthronikhi phakathi kwendawo yamaminerali e-sulfide negolide-isiliva, ukuntanta okungakhokhwa komqoqi kunokuningi. izinzuzo.Ukukhetha okuphezulu, uhlelo lwemithi olulula.Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqeda i-adsorption engakhethi okunzima ukuyilawula ku-flotation yabaqoqi be-xanthate, futhi ixazulula inkinga yokukhishwa kwezidakamizwa ngaphambi kwe-cyanide leaching igolide kanye nenkinga ye-collector film barrier gold leaching.Ngakho-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje, kunezifundo eziningi mayelana nokuntanta kwamaminerali egolide nesiliva ngaphandle kwama-agent alulame.Amaminerali egolide ne-sulfide ensimbi yegolide nesiliva ngokuvamile ahlala ndawonye, ikakhulukazi igolide ne-pyrite ancike eduze.Ngoba ingaphezulu le-pyrite linezici ze-semiconductor kanye nekhono elithile lokuthutha i-electron, futhi, ngokuqhathanisa amandla angaphezu kwe-electrostatic ye-pyrite ne-HS-/S0 kuya ku-EHS-/S0, lapho i-pH ye-ore slurry iku-8. -13, pyrite Amandla e-electrostatic ebusweni bemayini ahlala ephakeme kune-EHS-/S0.Ngakho-ke, i-HS- kanye ne-S2- ionized yi-Na2S ku-pulp izophuma endaweni ye-pyrite ukuze ikhiqize i-elemental sulfur.

Embonini yesikhumba, i-sodium sulfide isetshenziswa kabanzi.

Ikakhulukazi sebenzisa indlela yokuhlanganisa umlotha we-alkali ukususa i-fiber interstitium esikhumbeni, wenze buthaka ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinwele, i-epidermis nedermis, uguqule i-elastic fiber, ucekele phansi izicubu zemisipha, futhi uzuze umphumela wezinye izinto enqubweni elandelayo isikhumba;saponify amafutha esikhumbeni esingenalutho , ukususa ingxenye yamafutha esikhumbeni futhi usize ukunciphisa;ukuvula izibopho zesibili zengxenye ye-collagen, ukuze imicu ye-collagen ikhululwe kahle futhi ikhulule amaqembu amaningi asebenzayo e-collagen;kanye nokukhipha ijazi kanye ne-epidermis (izinwele ezibolile ze-alkali) .

Ingasaphathwa odayi besulfure abanomlando weminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu.Ukukhiqizwa kwama-dyestuffs kutholakala ikakhulukazi ngezindlela ezimbili zokukhiqiza: indlela yokubhaka kanye nendlela yokubilisa.

Odayi besibabule bayancishiswa futhi bancibilike ukuze bakhe isixazululo sikadayi, futhi ama-leucosomes akhiwe amuncwa imicu ye-cellulose, futhi ngemva kokwelashwa kwe-air oxidation, imicu ye-cellulose ibonisa umbala oyifunayo.

I-matrix yodayi besulfure ayinakho ukuhlobana kwemicu, futhi ukwakheka kwayo kuqukethe izibopho zesibabule, izibopho ze-disulfide noma izibopho ze-polysulfide, ezincishiswa zibe amaqembu e-sulfhydryl ngaphansi kwesenzo se-sodium sulfide yokunciphisa i-ejenti futhi ibe usawoti we-sodium leucosome oncibilika emanzini.Isizathu esenza ukuba ama-leucosome ahlobane kahle nemicu ye-cellulose ukuthi ama-molecule kadayi makhulu uma kuqhathaniswa, abuye akhiqize amandla amakhulu ka-Van der Waals namandla okuhlanganiswa kwe-hydrogen nemicu.

Ngalesi sikhathi, ukukhiqizwa kwe-sodium sulfide kungabuye kuhlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezine: i-powder vulcanization, i-vulcanization encibilikayo emanzini, i-vulcanization ye-liquid, i-vulcanization evumelana nemvelo, ukunciphisa isulfure kanye nokuhlakazeka okuhlakazekile.

1. Impuphu vulcanization

Ifomula evamile yesakhiwo sikadayi yi-DSSD, futhi ngokuvamile idinga ukubiliswa nge-sodium sulfide futhi isetshenziswe ngemva kokuncibilika.Lolu hlobo lukadayi aluncibiliki emanzini, udayi ungancishiswa ube yi-leuco nge-alkaline reduction agent, futhi uhlakazwe emanzini, usawoti we-sodium we-leuco ungamuncwa yi-fiber.

2. I-vulcanization encibilikayo emanzini

Ifomula evamile yesakhiwo sikadayi yi-D-SSO3Na.Isici salolu hlobo lwedayi ukuthi kukhona amaqembu ancibilikayo emanzini esakhiweni samangqamuzana edayi, esinokuncibilika okuhle kanye nempahla yokudaya izinga elihle.Thatha odayi besulfure abajwayelekile nge-sodium sulfite noma i-sodium bisulfite ukuze ukhiqize udayi othiosulfate, onokuncibilika okungu-150g/L ku-20°C futhi usetshenziselwe ukudaya okuqhubekayo.Odayi besulfure abancibilika emanzini bancibilika ngokushesha ekamelweni lokushisa, akukho lutho olungancibiliki, futhi ukuncibilika okugcwele kwanele ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zokuhlakazeka zomthamo wokudaya.Odayi besulfure abancibilika emanzini banokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kakhulu.Kodwa-ke, udayi awunayo into yokunciphisa futhi awunakho ukuhambisana nemicu.Kuyadingeka ukwengeza i-alkali sulfide ngesikhathi sokudaya, futhi uyiguqule ibe yisimo esinobudlelwano bemicu ye-cellulose ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-nucleophilic nokunciphisa.Ngokuvamile, isetshenziswa ezindwangu ngokudaya amaphedi amisiwe.

3. I-vulcanization yoketshezi

Ifomula evamile yesakhiwo sikadayi i-D-SNa, equkethe inani elithile le-ejenti yokunciphisa i-sodium sulfide ukuze kwehliswe kusengaphambili idayi ibe i-leuco encibilika emanzini.Ukunciphisa odayi besulfure abavamile ku-leuco encibilika emanzini nge-ejenti enciphisayo, kwengeza i-ejenti yokunciphisa ngokweqile njenge-antioxidant, yengeza i-ejenti engena, usawoti wezinto eziphilayo kanye nesithambisa samanzi ukwenza udayi owuketshezi, owaziwa nangokuthi udayi owehlisiwe.Ingasetshenziswa ngokuqondile ngokuhlanjululwa ngamanzi.Odayi abanjalo bahlanganisa odayi abanesibabule, njengodayi beCasulfon abaqukethe i-sodium sulfide, futhi abanawo noma amanani amancane kakhulu esulfure, njengodayi be-Immedial, futhi awekho amanzi alahlwayo anesibabule ngesikhathi sokudaywa.

4. Ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo

Enqubweni yokukhiqiza, icwengwa ibe yi-leucochrome, kodwa okuqukethwe kwesibabule kanye ne-polysulfide kuphansi kakhulu kunodayi besulfure abavamile.Udayi unokuhlanzeka okuphezulu, ukuncipha okuzinzile, nokungena kahle.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-glucose ne-sodium hydrosulfite isetshenziswa njengama-ejenti okunciphisa kanambambili ekugezeni okudayi, okungakwazi ukunciphisa kuphela odayi besulfure, kodwa futhi badlale indima yemvelo.

5. Ukuncishiswa kwesibabule

Ngokuvamile enziwa impushana, emihle, impushana eyimpuphu ewuketshezi noma odayi abawuketshezi, abafanele izindwangu ezixutshwe ne-polyester-ukotini futhi zihlakaze odayi endaweni efanayo yokudaya, zingasetshenziselwa ukunciphisa i-caustic soda, i-sodium hydrosulfite (noma i-thiourea dioxide), esikhundleni se-sodium sulfide. ukuze kuncishiswe futhi kuhlakazwe, njengodayi we-Hydron Indocarbon.

6. Ukuhlakazeka kwe-vulcanization

Odayi besulfure abahlakaza basekelwe odayi besulfure kanye nodayi be-sulphur vat, futhi bakhiqizwa ngokwendlela yokucubungula ezentengiselwano yodayi abahlakazayo.Zisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi izindwangu zokudaya ze-polyester-viscose noma i-polyester-cotton ehlanganiswe nodayi abahlakazayo kubhavu ofanayo.Kunezinhlobo eziyi-16 ze-Kayaku Homodye ezikhiqizwe nguNippon Kayaku.

Inqubo ethile yokudaya ingahlukaniswa ngezinyathelo ezine

(1) Ukuncishiswa kodayi Kulula ukuncibilikisa odayi besibabule.I-sodium sulfide ivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa, futhi isebenza njenge-alkali ejenti.Ukuze uvimbele umzimba we-leuco ukuthi ungabi ne-hydrolyzed, i-soda ash nezinye izinto zinganezelwa ngokufanele, kodwa i-alkalinity yokugeza yokunciphisa akufanele ibe namandla kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho izinga lokunciphisa udayi lizohamba kancane.

(2) Udayi we-leuco osethanjeni likadayi umunca umcu.I-leuco yodayi wesulfure ikhona endaweni ye-anion kusixazululo sikadayi.Inokuqondisa ku-fiber cellulose futhi ingakhangiswa ebusweni be-fiber bese isakazwa ngaphakathi kwefayibha.I-leuco yodayi wesulphur inokuqondisa okuphansi ku-cellulose fiber, ngokuvamile isebenzisa isilinganiso esincane sokugeza, futhi yengeza i-electrolyte efanele ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingakhuphula izinga lokudaya ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu, futhi ithuthukise izinga lokudaya nokungena.

(3) Ukwelashwa kwe-oxidation Ngemva kokuthi idayi yesulfure i-leuco idayiwe ku-fiber, kufanele ifakwe i-oxidized ukuze ibonise umbala ofunekayo.I-oxidation iyisinyathelo esibalulekile ngemva kokudaya odayi besulfure.Ngemva kokudaya, odayi besulfure aba-oxidized kalula bangafakwa oksijini emoyeni ngemva kokugeza nokufaka umoya, okungukuthi, kusetshenziswa indlela ye-air oxidation;kwabanye odayi besulfure abangafakwa i-oxidized kalula, ama-oxidizing agents asetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza i-oxidation.

(4) Ngemva kokucubungula Ngemva kokucubungula kuhlanganisa ukuhlanzwa, ukugcoba, ukunqanda ukubola kanye nokulungiswa kombala, njll. Odayi besibabule kufanele bagezwe ngokugcwele ngemva kokudaywa ukuze kuncishiswe isibabule esisele endwangu futhi kuvimbele indwangu ukuthi ingashwabeki, ngoba isibabule. kudayi kanye nesibabule ku-alkali evuvukele ku-oxidized kalula emoyeni ukuze kwakhiwe i-sulfuric acid, okuzokwenza i-acid hydrolysis ku-fiber cellulose futhi ibangele umonakalo.Yehlisa amandla futhi wenze i-fiber brittle.Ngakho-ke, ingelashwa ngama-anti-brittle agents, afana ne-urea, i-trisodium phosphate, i-bone glue, i-acetate ye-sodium, njll Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhanya kwelanga kanye nokushesha kwensipho yamadayi esulfure, ingalungiswa ngemva kokudaya.Kunezindlela ezimbili zokwelashwa kokulungiswa kombala: ukwelashwa kukasawoti wensimbi (njenge-potassium dichromate, i-copper sulfate, i-acetate yethusi nezingxube zalawa sawoti) kanye nokwelashwa kwe-agent elungisa umbala we-cationic (njenge-ejenti yokulungisa umbala Y).Ekukhiqizeni, kungcono ukusebenzisa i-ejenti yokulungisa umbala uM, ehlanganiswe ne-cationic color-fixing agent kanye nosawoti wethusi, okunganciphisa ukungcoliswa kwe-chromium.

l I-Sodium sulfide: Sicela unake lezi uma usebenzisa!

"Uzizwa udabukile ngoba unenkinga?"

I-Sodium Sulfide ivume ngekhanda kodwa ingakhulumi, kodwa izwi laphinde lazwakala

“Kodwa, kulungile.”

I-sodium sulfide yabuka le ndoda, eyayigqoke ama-ovaroli avimbela ukubola, imaski yegesi namagilavu enjoloba.

"Bheka, lezi zilula kakhulu futhi azikhathazi nhlobo."

“Cha, kuyinkinga kakhulu.Kufanele ugqoke izingubo zokusebenza ezivimbela ukubola, imaski yegesi, namagilavu enjoloba.Izinto ezivamile azisizi.Unezinyathelo eziningi zokuphepha.Uma unganakile uzolimala.Kufanele ubhekane nazo ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.igesi emoshayo namanzi angcolile.”

“Nokho nginesixazululo.Akudingekile ukuba ngilimale, futhi ngingakwazi ukukuxazulula kahle kakhulu.

Uma ngephutha ngiyichithe engutsheni yami, ngidinga nje ukukhumula izingubo ezingcolile ngokushesha, ngigeze ngamanzi amaningi agelezayo okungenani imizuzu engu-15 bese ngiya kudokotela;uma ngithinta amehlo ngephutha, ngiyakwazi ukuphakamisa ngokushesha izinkophe bese ngigeza ngamanzi amaningi agelezayo Noma u-saline ovamile ageze kahle okungenani imizuzu engu-15 ngaphambi kokufuna usizo lwezokwelapha;uma ngihogelwe ngephutha, ngizophuma ngokushesha endaweni yesigameko futhi ngiye endaweni enomoya omusha ukuze ngigcine umzila womoya ungaphazamiseki.Uma ukuphefumula kunzima, thinta umoya-mpilo futhi.Uma ukuphefumula kuyeka, yenza ukuphefumula okwenziwa ngokushesha futhi ufune usizo lwezokwelapha;uma ngigwinywe ngephutha, ngizogeza umlomo ngamanzi, ngiphuze ubisi noma okumhlophe kweqanda, bese ngifuna usizo lwezempilo.“

“Kodwa ngisavutha!”

“Ngiyazi, uyinto evuthayo ezenzakalelayo endaweni engenamanzi, futhi uthuli kulula ukuvutha ngokuzenzekelayo emoyeni.Izobola lapho ihlangana ne-asidi futhi ikhiphe amagesi avuthayo.Ingase futhi yakhe izingxube eziqhumayo uma iwumpushana, futhi ingxube enamanzi nayo iyagqwala futhi inobuthi obudlulele.Okucasulayo okunamandla.Ku-100°C uqala ukuhwamuka, futhi isitimu singahlasela ingilazi.”

Ezwa lokhu, uNa Su wazizwa edangele nakakhulu.Ikhanda eseliphakanyiswe manje selivele ligobile, engasalokothi abheke okhulumayo.

“Kodwa akusho lutho, inqobo nje uma amanzi, inkungu, nesihlabathi kungawucisha umlilo.Uma kukhona ukuvuza, hlukanisa indawo engcolile, gqoka imaski yobuso obugcwele kanye nezingubo zokusebenza ezilwa ne-asidi ne-alkali bese ungena endaweni yesigameko usuka phezulu.Ifosholo liqoqwa esitsheni esomile, esihlanzekile, esimboziwe, noma sihlanjululwe ngamanzi amaningi, sihlanjululwe bese sifakwa ohlelweni lwamanzi angcolile.Uma kuwukuvuza okukhulu, kungaqoqwa kuphela futhi kugaywe kabusha noma kuhanjiswe endaweni yokulahla imfucuza ukuze ilahlwe.Kodwa konke lokhu Kuwulwazi esilufunde kusenesikhathi, futhi abasebenzi benkampani yethu bafunde nokuqeqeshwa ngobuchwepheshe nangokuhlelekile ukuze kungabikho ukuvuza okuzokwenzeka.Ungakhathazeki, ingasaphathwa eyokuzizwa unecala, akulona iphutha lakho!”

Ngemva kwesikhashana, i-Sodium Sulfide yaphakamisa ikhanda yathi: “Kodwa kumelwe uqaphele!Noma ngabe ukufundile lokhu, kufanele futhi uqaphele, kuyingozi ngempela ukungisebenzisa.”

l I-Sodium sulfide: Uma ufuna ukungikhipha, ngicela unake!

“Pakisha bese uhambisa i-sodium sulfide namuhla.Uyazi zonke izinyathelo zokuphepha.Uyayazi imininingwane kanye nokupakishwa kwayo!”

“Yebo!”

Isikhathi esithile, imboni yaqala ukuba matasa.

I-sodium sulfide ivalwe ngokuqinile ezigubhu zensimbi eziwugqinsi ongu-0.5 mm, futhi isisindo senetha lesigubhu ngasinye asikho ngaphezu kwe-100 kg.Ngemva kokupakisha, yalayishwa ku-gondola.

Abahloli bezokuphepha bakwaloliwe bahlanganisa izimpahla eziyingozi ngokuvumelana netafula lokuhlanganisa izimpahla eziyingozi ku-Ministry of Railways' "Imithetho Yezokuthutha Eziyingozi".Ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa, abasebenzi babehlola ngokuqinile ubuqotho nokuphepha kwephakheji, futhi baqinisekisa nokuthi ayixutshwanga nama-oxidants, ama-acids, amakhemikhali okudla, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imoto iphinde ifakwe izinhlobo ezihambisanayo kanye nenani le-oxidant. imishini yokuqeda umlilo kanye nemishini yokwelapha izimo eziphuthumayo evuzayo.

Esesemotweni uNa S akakwazanga ukuzibamba wacabanga ngalokho othile akusho kuye ngaphambi kokuba ahambe

Wathi, “Ungacabanga ukuthi unobuthi obuningi futhi ugqwala, kodwa kufanele wazi ukuthi unezinto eziningi ozisebenzisayo, futhi sizomtshela nomuntu okucoshile ukuthi yini okufanele ayinake.Odinga ukukwenza ukuthi uqaphele.Dlala indima yakho, ukunakekela kwethu makufane, sibone amandla akho, lokhu kwanele. "

Lapho i-Sodium Sulfide ihlala endaweni egcina izinga lokushisa eliphansi neyomile futhi, isazofisa ukucwiliswa emanzini, kodwa ayisazizwa isithukuthezi, kodwa ayisakwazi ukulinda ukusiza umnikazi wayo omusha aqedele umsebenzi!

Ingabe uyazi ngempela nge-sodium sulfide?

Njengoba sonke sazi, i-sodium sulfide inobuthi obukhulu futhi iyagqwalisa, kodwa isetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eminingi, ngakho-ke ingabe uyaluqonda ngempela ulwazi olufanele mayelana ne-sodium sulfide?

l Uhlolojikelele lwe-sodium sulfide

I-sodium sulfide ehlanzekile iyimpushana ecwebezelayo engenambala ene-hygroscopicity enamandla futhi inyibilika kalula emanzini.Isixazululo esinamanzi sinokusabela okuqinile kwe-alkaline futhi sizobangela ukusha lapho sithinta isikhumba nezinwele, ngakho-ke i-sodium sulfide ibizwa nangokuthi i-alkali sulfide.Isixazululo samanzi se-sodium sulfide sizokhipha kancane kancane i-sodium thiosulfate, i-sodium sulfite, i-sodium sulfate ne-sodium polysulfide emoyeni.Umbala we-industrial sodium sulfide unombala opinki, obomvu ngokunsundu, kanye nekhaki ngenxa yokungcola.I-sodium sulfide ene-flaky ephuzi enephunga le-hydrogen sulfide kanye ne-hygroscopicity.Iphenduka ibe phuzi ibe nsundu-mnyama lapho ichayeke ekukhanyeni nasemoyeni, futhi kancane kancane ikhiqiza i-hydrogen sulfide, engabola lapho ihlangana ne-asidi noma i-carbonic acid.Incibilika kalula emanzini, inyibilika kancane ku-ethanol, futhi ayincibiliki ku-ether.Isixazululo esinamanzi sine-alkaline, futhi isisombululo kancane kancane sizoba yi-sodium thiosulfate ne-sodium hydroxide uma sibekwe emoyeni.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-sodium sulfide ezweni lami kunomlando omude kanye nesipiliyoni esicebile.Ukukhiqizwa kwe-sodium sulfide kwaqala ngawo-1830, futhi ukukhiqizwa okuncane kwaqalwa yifekthri yamakhemikhali e-Dalian, e-Liaoning.Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980 kuya maphakathi nawo-1990, ngokuthuthuka okunamandla kwemboni yamakhemikhali yamazwe ngamazwe, imboni yasekhaya ye-sodium sulfide ibe nezinguquko ezibalulekile.Inani labakhiqizi nezikali liye landa kakhulu, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kuyashesha.Indawo yokukhiqiza i-sodium sulfide egxile eYuncheng, iShanxi iye yanda ngokushesha yafinyelela ezifundazweni ezingaphezu kwe-10 nezifunda ezihlanganisa iYunnan, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, neShaanxi.Umthamo kazwelonke wokukhiqiza minyaka yonke wenyuka usuka kumathani angama-420,000 ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 waya kumathani angama-640,000 maphakathi nawo-1990.Okukhiphayo kukhula ngokushesha kakhulu e-Inner Mongolia, e-Gansu, nase-Xinjiang eNyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-China.Amandla okukhiqiza we-Inner Mongolia afinyelele amathani angu-200,000, futhi isibe isizinda esikhulu sokukhiqiza semikhiqizo ye-sodium sulfide eChina.

Kusukela inkampani yethu yaqala ukuxhumana nemikhiqizo ye-sodium sulfide, sesifinyelele ukubambisana nezinkampani eziningi futhi sithole ukuhlolwa okuphezulu kakhulu.Singaqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokuhamba nezinye izindaba, "isevisi yekhwalithi", "umkhiqizo kuqala" kanye "nekhasimende kuqala" Kuyisimiso esihlale sinamathela kuso!

l Ukusetshenziswa kwe-sodium sulfide:

1. Imboni kadayi isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza odayi besulfure, futhi iyimpahla eluhlaza yesulfure eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

2. Embonini yokunyathelisa nokudaya, isetshenziswa njengosizo lokudaya ekuncibilikiseni odayi besibabule.

3. Embonini yamaphepha, isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokupheka ephepheni.

4. Embonini yendwangu, isetshenziselwa ukuhlukaniswa kwezintambo ezenziwe ngabantu kanye nokunciphisa ama-nitrate, futhi njenge-mordant yokudaya kwendwangu kakotini.

5. Embonini yokushuka, isetshenziselwa i-hydrolysis ukuze ikhiphe izikhumba eziluhlaza, futhi isetshenziselwa ukulungisa i-sodium polysulfide ukusheshisa ukucwiliswa kwezikhumba ezomile nokuzithambisa.

6. Imboni ye-electroplating isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwesendlalelo se-conductive ku-electroplating eqondile, ngokusabela kwe-sodium sulfide ne-palladium ukuze kwakhiwe i-colloidal palladium sulfide ukuze kufezwe inhloso yokwenza ungqimba oluhle lokuqhuba endaweni engeyona eyensimbi.

7. Imboni yezemithi isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ama-antipyretics afana ne-phenacetin.

8. Kukhona futhi ukusetshenziswa okuthile embonini yezempi.

9. Ku-mineral flotation, i-sodium sulfide iyisivimbeli sezinto eziningi ze-sulfide ores, i-sulfide agent ye-non-ferrous metal oxide ores, kanye ne-deagent ye-concentrates exubile ye-sulfide ores.

10. Ekuhlanzeni amanzi, ikakhulukazi isetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-electroplating noma amanye amanzi angcolile aqukethe ama-ion ensimbi, futhi kusetshenziswa ama-ion esibabule ukuze kuncishiswe ama-ion ensimbi ukuze kukhishwe ama-ion ensimbi, njenge-germanium, ithini, umthofu, isiliva, i-cadmium, ithusi, i-mercury, i-zinc. , manganese linda.Indlela ye-sodium sulfide precipitation ingabuyisela izakhi zensimbi ezibalulekile emanzini angcolile ensimbi esindayo.

11. Ukwengeza inani elifanele le-sodium sulfide esixazululweni se-alkaline etching ye-aluminium nama-alloys kungathuthukisa kakhulu ikhwalithi yendawo enamathiselwe, futhi ingase isetshenziselwe ukususa ukungcola kwensimbi esindayo encibilika nge-alkali njenge-zinc esixazululweni se-alkaline etching. .

12. Yimpahla eluhlaza ye-sodium thiosulfate, i-sodium polysulfide, odayi besulfure, njll.

13. Hlaziya ubulukhuni bamanzi ekukhiqizeni umanyolo we-nitrogen.

Imininingwane:

Imboni ye-Metallurgical:

1) Ukususwa kokungcola ku-leachate yomhlaba engavamile Lapho usebenzisana ne-weathering crust elution-type ore yomhlaba engavamile, ngemva kokucwiliswa nokucwiliswa ngesisombululo esinamandla se-electrolyte, i-leachate yomhlaba engavamile etholakala ngokuvamile iqukethe inani elikhulu lama-ion angcolile, njenge-Al3+, Fe3+ , Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, njll. Lapho kusetshenziswa inqubo ye-oxalic acid precipitation, lokhu kungcola nakanjani kuyokwakha imvula ye-oxalate futhi kudluliselwe emikhiqizweni yomhlaba engavamile, okuthinta ukuhlanzeka komkhiqizo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze ugweme i-emulsification enqubweni yokukhipha elandelayo, ama-ion angcolile kuketshezi lokuphakelayo kufanele asuswe kuqala.Imikhiqizo encibilikayo engaguquki yama-metal sulfide precipitate aboniswa kuthebula elinamathiselwe.Lapho i-Na2S yengezwa emhlabeni ongavamile eluate, i-ion yensimbi esindayo i-Cu2+, i-Pb2+, i-Zn2+, njll. kusixazululo ingasuswa ngempumelelo.Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukulawula i-pH cishe ku-5 nokwengeza i-Na2S emhlabeni ongavamile ukususa ukungcola akugcini nje ngokuba nomthelela omuhle wokukhipha ukungcola, kodwa futhi akulahleki umhlaba ongavamile.

2) Sebenzisa i-Na2S ukuze ususe i-arsenic.I-arsenic ngokuvamile ikhona kumaminerali ngendlela ye-sulfide.Phakathi nenqubo ye-pyrometallurgy, iningi le-arsenic liyashintshashintsha libe yigesi ephumayo kanye nothuli, ikakhulukazi ukukhishwa okuqondile kwe-SO2 ye-concentration ephansi kuzongcolisa imvelo.Ngakho-ke, ukususwa kwe-arsenic kufanele kwenziwe ngaphambi kokwelashwa okulandelayo noma ukukhipha igesi ye-flue.Sebenzisa isisombululo se-Na2S ukuze umunce i-SO2 flue gas, ukuze i-As3+ ne-S2- ifomu i-As2S3 ijuluke (Ksp=2.1×10-22), ku-pH ephakeme (pH>8), i-As2S3 ingancibilika ukuze yakhe i-As3S3-6 noma i-AsS2- 3, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-pH ephansi, isisombululo sizokhiqiza igesi ye-H2S.Ucwaningo lwe-Yin Aijun et al.[4] ibonisa ukuthi lapho i-pH yesisombululo ilawulwa ebangeni lika-2.0 kuya ku-5.5, isikhathi sokuphendula imizuzu engu-50, izinga lokushisa lokuphendula liyi-30 kuya ku-50 ° C, futhi i-flocculant ingeziwe, izinga lokususwa kwe-arsenic lingafinyelela. 90%.%ngaphezulu.Ekukhiqizeni ikhabhoni emnyama yokwelapha, ukuze kwehliswe okuqukethwe kwe-arsenic engcolile ku-sulfuric acid egxilile yokukhiqiza impahla eluhlaza, i-sodium sulfide yengezwa ku-concentrated sulfuric acid ukwenza i-As3+ ifomu i-As2S3 futhi igweme futhi iyisuse.Umkhuba wokukhiqiza ubonisa ukuthi i-sodium sulfide isusa i-arsenic hhayi kuphela ngesivinini sokuphendula okusheshayo, kodwa futhi nokususwa okuphelele kwe-arsenic.Okuqukethwe kwe-arsenic ku-sulfuric acid ngemuva kokukhipha i-arsenic kungaphansi kwe-0.5 × 10-6, futhi okuqukethwe kwe-arsenic ye-carbon black ekhiqizwa ngale nto eluhlaza ≤0.0003%, ehambisana ngokugcwele nemithethonqubo ye-United States Pharmacopoeia.

Ukwelashwa kwamanzi:

Ikakhulukazi ukubhekana namanzi angcolile ane-mercury ayingozi kakhulu emvelweni nempilo yabantu.Embonini eyenza i-soda, okuqukethwe kwemercury emanzini angcolile alahliwe ngokuvamile kuphezulu, kudlula izinga lamazwe ngamazwe (0.05mg/L).Esixazululweni esibuthakathaka esikhiphayo (pH 8-11), ama-ion e-mercury angakha ama-insoluble precipitates nge-sodium sulfide.Kungabonakala kuthebula elinamathiselwe ukuthi umkhiqizo wokuncibilika we-HgS mncane kakhulu (Ksp=1.6×10-52).Ngocwaningo, kunqunywa ukuthi umphumela wokwelapha ungcono kakhulu uma inani le-Na2S lingashintshi futhi inani le-pH lilawulwa ku-9-10, futhi i-Hg2+ emanzini angcolile ingehliswa ibe ngaphansi kwezinga likazwelonke (0.05mg/ L).Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwengeza i-FeSO4 ukuze ikhiqize ama-colloid e-Fe(OH)2 kanye ne-Fe(OH)3 emanzini, lawa ma-colloid awakwazi nje ukukhangisa ama-ion e-mercury kuphela, kodwa futhi acuphe futhi amboze izinhlayiya eziqinile ze-HgS ezimisiwe, ezidlala indima enhle ekubhimbeni nasemvuleni. .I-sediment akulula ukuthi ingcoliswe kabili futhi ilungele ukulahlwa.

Imboni ye-Electroplating:

1) I-Na2S isetshenziswa njengesikhanyisi ku-electroplating:

I-sodium sulfide incibilika emanzini futhi i-ionized ibe ama-ion sodium (Na+) ane-positively charged sulfide ions (S2-).Ngesikhathi senqubo ye-electroplating, ukuba khona kwe-S2- ku-electrolyte kungakhuthaza i-cathode polarization.Ngesikhathi esifanayo Ngaphansi kwalesi simo, isivinini sokusabela kwe-cathode siyashesha.Ijubane lokubeka libuye lisheshiswe, ikhono lokucwenga elijulile liyakhula, ukumboza kuyacwengwa, futhi ingaphezulu lengxenye ehlanganisiwe liyakhanya ngokuhambisanayo.

2) I-sodium sulfide isusa ukungcola ku-electrolyte:

Ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza i-electroplating, ukungcola okungaphezulu noma okuncane ezintweni zokusetshenziswa kuzolethwa kusixazululo se-plating.Lokhu kungcola kusabela ngendlela ehlukile ngaphansi kwesenzo sama-electrode, futhi ukungcola okunamandla aphansi kuzofakwa ebusweni bengxenye ehlanganisiwe kanye ne-Zn2 +, okuthinta ikhwalithi yongqimba olucwetshiwe.Ngemva kokwengeza i-sodium sulfide, i-S2- ku-sodium sulfide ingenza ama-precipitates ngama-ion angcolile ensimbi, ivimbele ukungcola ukubamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni kwe-electrochemical futhi yenze ukunamathela kukhanye.

3) Ukusebenzisa isisombululo se-Na2S sokukhipha igesi e-flue desulfurization

Njengamanje, indlela yokutakula ye-SO2 ku-flue gas iwukuguqula i-SO2 ibe yi-H2SO4, i-SO2 eyi-liquid kanye nesibabule esiyisisekelo.I-Elemental sulphur nayo ingumkhiqizo okahle wokugaywa kabusha ngenxa yokuphatha nokuhamba kalula.Inqubo entsha yokukhiqiza i-elemental sulphur ngokusebenzisa i-H2S ekhiqizwe kusixazululo se-Na2S njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa ukunciphisa i-SO2.Le nqubo ilula futhi ayidingi ukusebenzisa izinto zokunciphisa ezibizayo njengegesi yemvelo namalahle anesulfure ephansi njengobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza okuvamile.Lapho i-pH yesisombululo yehla ibe ngu-8.5-7.5, ukumunca i-SO2 nge-Na2S kuzokhiqiza i-H2S, futhi i-H2S ne-SO2 izobhekana nokusabela kukaClaus okumanzi esigabeni soketshezi.

Imboni yokucubungula amaminerali:

1) I-sodium sulfide njenge-inhibitor:

Umphumela ovimbelayo we-sodium sulfide kunsimbi ye-sulfide ngokuvamile kukholakala ukuthi ubangelwa ikakhulukazi izici ezimbili.Enye iwukuthi i-Na2S hydrolyzes ukukhiqiza i-HS-, i-HS- ayifaki i-xanthate adsorbed phezu kwamaminerali e-sulfide, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-adsorbed endaweni yamaminerali ukuze kwandiswe i-hydrophilicity yendawo yamaminerali;enye Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubhekwa ukuthi umphumela ovimbelayo we-Na2S awubangelwa nje kuphela ukukhangiswa kwe-HS- endaweni yamaminerali, kodwa futhi uhlobene ne-S2- eyakhiwe yi-ionization ye-Na2S kusixazululo samanzi.

2) I-sodium sulfide njenge-activator:

Ucwaningo lwe-flotation lwesistimu ye-smithsonite-limonite lubonise ukuthi ku-limonite amine flotation, ku-pH ephansi kuphela, i-amine ingakhangiswa endaweni yamaminerali ngamandla e-electrostatic.Nokho, ngemva kokwengeza i-Na2S, kwakheka ifilimu ye-FeS ebusweni be-limonite.Njengoba ifilimu ye-FeS ingakhuphula ukukhangiswa kwama-amine wamangqamuzana ku-pH ephakeme, izinhlayiya ze-FeS reagent zingasetshenziselwa ukuntanta, futhi i-limonite ingaqedwa nge-pH ephezulu.I-amine flotation yenziwa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Na2S ingasetshenziswa njenge-activator ye-flotation yamaminerali e-copper oxide.Uma inani elifanele le-Na2S lengezwa esixazululweni se-flotation, i-S2- ehlukanisiwe ibhekana nokusabela kokugudluka nama-anion e-lattice ebusweni beminerali ene-oxidized ukuze yakhe ifilimu ye-sulfide ebusweni be-copper oxide mineral, enenzuzo i-adsorption yabaqoqi be-xanthate.Nokho, ifilimu ye-copper sulfide eyakhelwe phezu kwe-copper oxide ore ayiqini kakhulu, futhi kulula ukuwa lapho ukugoqa kunamandla.Lapho usebenzelana nemayini yethusi yase-Totozui e-Daye, i-Hubei (amaminerali aqukethe ithusi ikakhulukazi akhiwe nge-malachite), indlela yokuntanta yokwengeza i-Na2S ngezigaba eziningi nokukhipha okugxilile ezindaweni eziningi kunciphisa ukujikeleza kwe-ore ephakathi, kanye nokugxila kwethusi. isilinganiso sebanga Uhlelo lokukhiqiza lwenziwe ngcono ngo-2.1%, futhi izinga lokutholwa kwethusi negolide likhuphuke ngo-25.98% no-10.81% ngokulandelana.I-Na2S ingasetshenziswa futhi njengesivusi sokuntanta se-pyrite esicindezelwe i-peralkali lime ohlelweni lwe-perkalime.Kuhlelo lwe-alkali ephezulu, ingaphezulu le-pyrite limbozwe ifilimu ye-hydrophilic calcium (Ca(OH)2, CaSO4), evimbela ukuntanta kwayo.Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ngemva kokwengeza i-Na2S, i-hydrolyzed HS- ions ingakhama i-Ca(OH)2, CaSO4 kanye ne-Fe(OH)3 emboze ubuso be-pyrite ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingakhangiswa ubuso be-pyrite..Ngenxa yokuthi i-pyrite inamandla okudlulisa ama-electron, lapho amandla esixhumi esibonakalayo se-pyrite makhulu kune-EHS/S0, i-HS- ilahlekelwa ama-electron ebusweni be-xanthate ukuze ikhiqize i-hydrophobic elemental sulfur.I-elemental sulfur ewumphumela ivala ingaphezulu leminerali, ngaleyo ndlela iyenze isebenze ukuze intante kalula.

3) I-sodium sulfide isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokuntanta eyenziwe yamaminerali egolide nesiliva:

Njengoba ukuntanta okungaqoqi kwensimbi yegolide kusebenzisa ngokugcwele isimiso se-electrochemical kanye nomehluko we-electron ebusweni besulfide namaminerali esiliva egolide, ukuntanta okungaqoqi okunokukhethwa okuphezulu kanye nesistimu ye-reagent elula.Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqeda i-adsorption engakhethi okunzima ukuyilawula ku-flotation yabaqoqi be-xanthate, futhi ixazulula inkinga yokukhishwa kwezidakamizwa ngaphambi kwe-cyanide leaching igolide kanye nenkinga ye-collector film barrier gold leaching.Ngakho-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje, kunezifundo eziningi mayelana nokuntanta kwamaminerali egolide nesiliva ngaphandle kwama-agent alulame.Amaminerali egolide ne-sulfide ensimbi yegolide nesiliva ngokuvamile ahlala ndawonye, ikakhulukazi igolide ne-pyrite ancike eduze.Ngoba ingaphezulu le-pyrite linezici ze-semiconductor kanye nekhono elithile lokuthutha i-electron, futhi, ngokuqhathanisa amandla angaphezu kwe-electrostatic ye-pyrite ne-HS-/S0 kuya ku-EHS-/S0, lapho i-pH ye-ore slurry iku-8. -13, pyrite Amandla e-electrostatic ebusweni bemayini ahlala ephakeme kune-EHS-/S0.Ngakho-ke, i-HS- kanye ne-S2- ionized yi-Na2S ku-pulp izophuma endaweni ye-pyrite ukuze ikhiqize i-elemental sulfur.

Isikhumbaimboniry:

Ukusebenzisa indlela yokuhlanganisa empunga ne-alkali:

(1) Indlela ye-alkali ye-lime ehlanzekile: inhlanganisela ye-sodium sulfide ne-lime;

(2) Indlela ye-alkali-alkali: inhlanganisela ye-sodium sulfide, i-caustic soda, ne-slaked lime (isetshenziswa kakhulu ukuhlanganisa isikhumba senyathi nesikhumba sengulube).Ngenxa ye-alkalinity eqinile ye-caustic soda, ukukhiqizwa kwamanje kokushuka akukona nje ukukhiqizwa kwesikhumba sengulube, kodwa nokufaka umcako.Sebenzisa i-caustic soda encane;

(3) Indlela ye-lime-alkali-salt: ngesisekelo sendlela ehlanzekile ye-ash-alkali, engeza usawoti ongathathi hlangothi, njenge-calcium chloride, i-sodium chloride, i-sodium sulfate, njll.;

(4) Ukufakwa kwe-enzyme.

Kuya:

1. Susa i-interdermal fibrous matrix, wenze buthaka ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinwele, i-epidermis ne-dermis, uguqule izintambo ezinwebekayo, ucekele phansi izicubu zemisipha, futhi uzuze umphumela wezinye izinto esikhumbeni ngenqubo elandelayo;

2. Saponify amafutha esikhumbeni esingenalutho, susa ingxenye yamafutha esikhumbeni, futhi udlale indima ethile ekunciphiseni amafutha;

3. Vula izibopho zesibili zengxenye ye-collagen, ukuze imicu ye-collagen ikhululwe kahle futhi amaqembu asebenzayo e-collagen akhululwe;

4. Susa ijazi kanye ne-cuticle (izinwele ezibolile ze-alkali).

Imboni yokudaya:

Odayi besulphur banomlando weminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu kusukela bazalwa.Odayi bokuqala besulfure bakhiqizwa yiCroissant kanye neBretonniere ngo-1873. Bahlanganisa izinto eziqukethe imicu ephilayo, njengama-wood chips, i-humus, bran, udoti ukotini kanye ne-Waste Paper, njll. atholakala ngokushisa nge-alkali sulfide ne-polysulfide.Lo dayi we-hygroscopic omnyama, onuka kabi unokwakheka okungazinzile futhi uncibilika kalula emanzini.Lapho udaya ukotini ngokugeza kwe-alkaline kanye ne-alkali sulfide yokugeza, kutholakala udayi oluhlaza.Ukotini ungashintsha ube nsundu uma uvezwe emoyeni noma ufakwe ikhemikhali ngesisombululo se-dichromate ukuze ulungise umbala.Ngenxa yokuthi laba badayi banokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kokudaya kanye nenani eliphansi, bangasetshenziswa embonini yokudaya ukotini.

Ngo-1893, i-R.Vikal yancibilikisa i-p-aminophenol nge-sodium sulfide nesibabule ukwenza odayi besulfure abamnyama.Uphinde wathola ukuthi ezinye izinto eziphuma ku-benzene ne-naphthalene zingancibilika ngesibabule ne-sodium sulfide ukuze kukhiqizwe odayi abahlukahlukene abamnyama besulfure.udayi.Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, abantu baye benza odayi besulfure abaluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, obomvu nabaluhlaza ngalesisekelo.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indlela yokulungiselela kanye nenqubo yokudaya nayo ithuthukiswe kakhulu.Odayi besulfure abancibilika emanzini, odayi besulfure abawuketshezi kanye nodayi besulfure abangayingcolisi imvelo baye bavela ngokulandelana, okwenza odayi besibabule bachume.

Odayi besulfure njengamanje bangomunye odayi abasetshenziswa kakhulu.Ngokwemibiko, ukukhiqizwa kodayi besulfure emhlabeni kufinyelela kumathani angaphezu kuka-100 000, futhi uhlobo olubaluleke kakhulu odayi abamnyama besibabule.Njengamanje, ukukhishwa kwe-sulphur black akhawunti ku-75% ~ 85% wesamba esiphelele samadayi wesulfure.Ngenxa yokwakheka kwayo okulula, izindleko eziphansi, ukushesha okuhle futhi ayinayo i-carcinogenicity, ithandwa abakhiqizi bokunyathelisa nokudaya.Isetshenziswa kakhulu ekudayeni ukotini neminye imicu ye-cellulose, futhi uchungechunge olumnyama noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lusetshenziswa kakhulu.

Kunezindlela ezimbili zokukhiqiza odayi besulfure ezimbonini:

1) Indlela yokubhaka, ama-amine okubhaka, ama-phenol noma ama-nitro compounds ama-hydrocarbon anephunga eliluhlaza anesulfure noma i-sodium polysulfide ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu ukuze kulungiswe odayi besulfure abaphuzi, osawolintshi nabansundu.

2) Indlela yokubilisa, ukushisa nokubilisa ama-amine, ama-phenol noma izinhlanganisela ze-nitro zama-hydrocarbon anephunga eliluhlaza kanye ne-sodium polysulfide emanzini noma izincibilikisi eziphilayo ukuze kulungiswe odayi besulfure abamnyama, abaluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nabaluhlaza.

Ukwahlukanisa

1) I-Powder vulcanization

2) I-vulcanization encibilikayo emanzini

3) I-vulcanization yoketshezi

I-4) Ukwehliswa kwemvelo okunobungane

5) Ukunciphisa isibabule

6) Ukuhlakazeka kwe-vulcanization

I-Structural Dyeing Mechanism

Odayi besulfure bawuhlobo lodayi abaqukethe isibabule.I-molecule iqukethe izibopho zesulfure ezakhiwe ama-athomu amabili noma ngaphezulu esibabule.Uma isetshenziswa, iyancipha ibe ngumzimba we-leuco, ukuze incibilike emanzini futhi idaye i-fiber.Izici zokudaya ngesulfure ziyahlukahluka ngohlobo lukadayi.Odayi besulfure banokushesha okuphezulu kokuwasha nokusebenza okuqinile.Nakuba ukushesha kokuhlikihla kanye nokugqama kungezi kahle njengodayi abasebenzayo, ukushesha kwawo ukwenza amabala kanye nokushesha kokukhanya kungcono kunodayi abasebenzayo, futhi odayi besibabule basebenzisa usawoti omncane futhi badla amanzi amancane lapho bedaywa.abambalwa.Odayi besulfure bayinhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo eziqukethe amaqembu e-nitro nama-amino, iningi lawo akhiwa ngokusabela ngesulfure ne-sodium sulfide ekushiseni okuphezulu.Odayi abaningi besulfure abanalo ifomula yamakhemikhali eqinisekile.Isimiso sokudaya sikadayi wesulfure siyefana nesikadayi we-vat.Akha ama-leucosomes ancibilika emanzini anobudlelwane nemicu ukuze adaye imicu ngokusabela kokunciphisa amakhemikhali, bese ebopha ngokuqinile emicu nge-oxidation.

Odayi besulfure abancibiliki emanzini, futhi i-sodium sulfide noma ezinye izinto ezinciphisayo ziyadingeka ukuze kuncishiswe odayi kuma-leucosomes ancibilikayo ngesikhathi sokudaya.Inobungane ku-fiber futhi idayi ifayibha, bese ibuyisela isimo sayo sokungancibiliki ngemva kwe-oxidation nokuthuthukiswa kombala kanye nokulungisa ifayibha.Ngakho udayi wesulfure nawo uwuhlobo lukadayi we-vat.Odayi besulfure bangasetshenziselwa ukudaya ukotini, ilineni, i-viscose neminye imicu.Inqubo yokukhiqiza ilula, izindleko ziphansi, futhi ingadaya umbala owodwa noma imibala exubile.Inokushesha okuhle kokukhanya kanye nokushesha kokugqoka okubi.Kunokuntuleka okubomvu nokunsomi ku-spectrum yombala, futhi umbala umnyama, ulungele ukudaya imibala ewugqinsi.

Indlela yokudaya

Inqubo:

Inqubo yokudaya ingahlukaniswa ngezinyathelo ezine ezilandelayo:

1) Ukuncishiswa kodayi Kulula ukuncibilikisa odayi besibabule.I-sodium sulfide ivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa, futhi isebenza njenge-alkali ejenti.Ukuze uvimbele umzimba we-leuco ukuthi ungabi ne-hydrolyzed, i-soda ash nezinye izinto zinganezelwa ngokufanele, kodwa i-alkalinity yokugeza yokunciphisa akufanele ibe namandla kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho izinga lokunciphisa udayi lizohamba kancane.

I-2) I-leuco yedayi esesixazululweni sokudaya imuncwa i-fiber.I-leuco yodayi wesulfure ikhona endaweni ye-anion kusixazululo sokudaya.Inokuqondisa ku-fiber cellulose futhi ingakhangiswa ebusweni be-fiber bese isakazwa ngaphakathi kwefayibha.I-leuco yodayi wesulphur inokuqondisa okuphansi ku-cellulose fiber, ngokuvamile isebenzisa isilinganiso esincane sokugeza, futhi yengeza i-electrolyte efanele ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingakhuphula izinga lokudaya ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu, futhi ithuthukise izinga lokudaya nokungena.

3) Ukwelashwa kwe-oxidation Ngemuva kokuthi idayi yesulfure i-leuco idayiwe ku-fiber, kufanele ifakwe i-oxidized ukukhombisa umbala owufunayo.I-oxidation iyisinyathelo esibalulekile ngemva kokudaya odayi besulfure.Ngemva kokudaya, odayi besulfure aba-oxidized kalula bangafakwa oksijini emoyeni ngemva kokugeza nokufaka umoya, okungukuthi, kusetshenziswa indlela ye-air oxidation;kwabanye odayi besulfure abangafakwa i-oxidized kalula, ama-oxidizing agents asetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza i-oxidation.

4) Ngemuva kokucubungula I-Post-processing ihlanganisa ukuhlanzwa, ukugcoba, ukunqanda ukubola kanye nokulungiswa kombala, njll. Imibala yesibabule kufanele igezwe ngokugcwele ngemva kokudaywa ukuze kuncishiswe isibabule esisele kwendwangu futhi kuvimbele indwangu ukuthi ingabi brittle, ngoba isulfure in. udayi kanye nesibabule ku-alkali evuvukele ku-oxidized kalula emoyeni ukuze kwakhiwe i-sulfuric acid, ezokwenza i-acid hydrolysis ku-fiber cellulose futhi ibangele umonakalo.Yehlisa amandla futhi wenze i-fiber brittle.Ngakho-ke, ingelashwa ngama-anti-brittle agents, afana ne-urea, i-trisodium phosphate, i-bone glue, i-acetate ye-sodium, njll Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhanya kwelanga kanye nokushesha kwensipho yamadayi esulfure, ingalungiswa ngemva kokudaya.Kunezindlela ezimbili zokwelashwa kokulungiswa kombala: ukwelashwa kukasawoti wensimbi (njenge-potassium dichromate, i-copper sulfate, i-acetate yethusi nezingxube zalawa sawoti) kanye nokwelashwa kwe-agent elungisa umbala we-cationic (njenge-ejenti yokulungisa umbala Y).Ekukhiqizeni, kungcono ukusebenzisa i-ejenti yokulungisa umbala uM, ehlanganiswe ne-cationic color-fixing agent kanye nosawoti wethusi, okunganciphisa ukungcoliswa kwe-chromium.

Izinkinga:

Inqubo yokukhiqiza amadayi e-sulfure imfushane, intengo iphansi, futhi ukushesha kuhle, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi isenamaphutha amaningi kanye nezinkinga ekukhiqizeni kwangempela nokusetshenziswa, namanje ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa kabanzi ezindwangu ezihlukahlukene.

I-sodium sulfide isetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kodayi besulfure, futhi idlulele.Ingxenye ye-sodium sulfide isetshenziselwa ukunciphisa odayi, kodwa ingxenye eyengeziwe izokhiqiza amanzi angcolile aqukethe isulfure.Amanzi angcolile okudaya anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesibabule.Amanzi angcolile awakwazi ukuphathwa ngokugcwele, futhi izinga lamanzi okukhishwa linzima ukuhlangabezana nezidingo.Uma ikhishwa ngokuqondile, i-hydrogen sulfide izokhishwa, okuzobangela ukulimala kwezinto eziphilayo, futhi izolimaza isimiso sokukhuculula indle futhi ikhulule iphunga, elizolimaza impilo yabantu (udayi ngokwawo uyingozi emzimbeni womuntu. Akukho monakalo. empilweni yomsebenzisi futhi kuthathwa njengodayi ongenabuthi).

Ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yamanzi angcolile, ifektri idinga ukutshala imali eningi, engagcini nje ukwandisa kakhulu izindleko zokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi ikhiqize kalula igesi enobuthi ye-hydrogen sulfide ngesikhathi sokudaya.Uma ifinyelela ezingeni elithile emoyeni, ingabangela isiyezi, ukushaya kwenhliziyo, isicanucanu, njll. Ngokuqinisekile kuyingozi.

Lesi esinye sezizathu ezibalulekile zokuncipha kancane kancane kodayi besulfure.Ngenxa yokuthi odayi besulfure abancibiliki emanzini, izindwangu ezidayiwe azimelani nokuhlikihlwa futhi azimelani ne-chlorine bleaching.Futhi ngenxa yokuthi isamba esikhulu se-sulfide esetshenziselwa ukudaya sihlala entweni edayiwe, umkhiqizo osuphelile uba brittle ngenxa ye-oxidation yomoya ukuze ukhiqize ama-sulfate radicals ngesikhathi sokugcinwa.Indaba edayiwe yedayi yesulfure emnyama esetshenziswa kakhulu iyabola ngesikhathi sokugcinwa.Ngenxa yokungasebenzeki kahle kokuncibilika kodayi wesulfure, imikhiqizo yoketshezi iye yathuthukiswa eminyakeni yamuva, kodwa iwudayi wesulfure owehlisiwe kuphela oye wancibilika.Odayi besulfure abavamile bayizinto eziyingozi ezine-alkalinity enamandla nephunga, ukuzinza okungekuhle kwesitoreji, kulula ukungcolisa futhi okunzima ukuwageza ngenxa yokuhlobana kwazo nezinto.Amadayi esulfure adinga ukuncishiswa futhi ahlakazwe ngaphambi kokudaya imicu, futhi izinyathelo zenqubo yokwelapha ngemva kokwelashwa zinzima, futhi yonke inqubo yokudaya iyinkimbinkimbi.Izindwangu zokudaya ngokuvamile zilinganiselwe emiculweni ye-cellulose njengokotini.Umthunzi we-sulfur dyes u-dim ngokuqhathaniswa, omnyama yi-spectrum yombala obaluleke kakhulu, olandelwa yi-blue, umnqumo kanye ne-brown, kunzima ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabantu emphakathini wanamuhla ngemibala ecebile nenemibala.

Isixazululo:

Njengoba amanye amazwe evimbela odayi abathile be-carcinogenic azo.Ukwakhiwa kodayi abasha besulfure, ikakhulukazi odayi besulfure abancibilika emanzini, kuzoba nethuba elibanzi lemicu yamaprotheni.

Njengamanje, ama-90% odayi wesulfure emhlabeni asasebenzisa i-sodium sulfide, futhi idlulele.Ingxenye ye-sodium sulfide isetshenziselwa ukunciphisa odayi, kodwa okweqile kuzokhiqiza amanzi angcolile aqukethe isulfure.Ukuyikhipha ngokuqondile kuzongcolisa imvelo.Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kodayi besulfure kuzothatha indawo ye-ejenti yokunciphisa esetshenziswa njengamanje i-sodium sulfide.Mayelana nalokhu, ukwenyuka kwezindleko kumele kufane nezindleko zamanje zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile aqukethe isibabule nge-chlorination.Njengoba izidingo zabantu zemvelo ziya ngokuya zikhula, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kuya ngokuya kubaluleka.Kudingekile ukwenza ukukhethwa kwemvelo kwama-ejenti okunciphisa kanye nama-oxidizing ekudayeni isulfure.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwamadayi esulfure angenayo isulfure noma aqukethe isibabule esincane kakhulu kungenza ukusetshenziswa kodayi besulfure kube inqubo evumelana nemvelo.Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhulisa izinga lokudaya kanye nezinga lokusebenzisa udayi odayi besulfure, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe inani elisele lodayi emanzini angcolile.

Incazelo yezinga lokudaya ihlanganisa izici ezimbili:

1) Izinga le-adsorption likadayi otshwaleni obudayi ngobuso bomucu;

2) Izinga lokusatshalaliswa likadayi otshwaleni obudayi ukusuka phezulu kwefayibha ukuya ngaphakathi kwefayibha.

Odayi besulfure abancibiliki emanzini futhi kufanele bancishiswe ngokugcwele futhi bahlakazwe nge-ejenti yokunciphisa ngaphambi kokudaya.Ngenani elincane lodayi besulfure abanezinhlayiya ezinkulu nokungancibiliki kahle, kufanele bashukunyiswe noma baze babiliswe ngemva kokwengeza i-sodium sulfide ukusiza odayi ukuba bancibilike ngokugcwele.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-cellulose fiber iyashintshwa ukuze kwandiswe inani lamaqembu ahlanganiswe nodayi, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe izinga lokusebenzisa udayi.

l Izinyathelo zokuphepha ze-sodium sulfide

Kuyingozi

a) Ingozi yezempilo: Lo mkhiqizo ungabolisa i-hydrogen sulfide emgudwini wamathumbu, futhi ungabangela ubuthi be-hydrogen sulfide ngemva kokuphathwa ngomlomo.Igqwala esikhunjeni nasemehlweni.

b) Ingozi Yemvelo: Iyingozi emvelweni.

c) Ingozi yokuqhuma: Lo mkhiqizo uyavutha, ugqwala kakhulu futhi uyacasula, futhi ungabangela ukusha emzimbeni womuntu.

Insiza yezimo eziphuthumayo

a) Ukuthinta isikhumba: Khumula ngokushesha izingubo ezingcolile bese ugeza ngamanzi amaningi agelezayo okungenani imizuzu eyi-15.Funa usizo lwezokwelapha.

b) Ukuthintana kwamehlo: Phakamisa izinkophe ngokushesha bese ugeza kahle ngamanzi amaningi agelezayo noma usawoti ovamile okungenani imizuzu eyi-15.Funa usizo lwezokwelapha.

c) Ukuhogela: Suka endaweni yesigameko ngokushesha uye emoyeni omusha.Gcina indlela yokuphefumula ivuliwe.Uma ukuphefumula kunzima, nikeza umoya-mpilo.Uma ungaphefumuli, nikeza ukuphefumula okwenziwa ngokushesha.Funa usizo lwezokwelapha.

d) Ukugwinya: Hlanza umlomo ngamanzi, unike ubisi noma amaqanda amhlophe.Funa usizo lwezokwelapha.

Izinyathelo zokucisha umlilo

a) Izici eziyingozi: into engadonsi amanzi ikwazi ukusha ngokuzenzakalelayo, futhi uthuli lwayo kulula ukuvutha ngokuzenzekelayo emoyeni.Iyabola uma kune-asidi futhi ikhipha igesi enobuthi kakhulu futhi evuthayo.Umpuphu nomoya kungakha izingxube eziqhumayo.Isixazululo saso esinamanzi siyagqwala futhi siyacasula kakhulu.Iqala ukuhwamuka ku-100°C, futhi umhwamuko ungagqwalisa ingilazi.

b) Imikhiqizo evuthayo eyingozi: i-hydrogen sulfide, ama-sulfur oxides.

c) Indlela yokucisha umlilo: Sebenzisa amanzi, fafaza amanzi, isihlabathi ukucisha umlilo.

Ukuphatha ukuchitheka

a) Ukwelashwa okuphuthumayo: hlukanisa indawo engcolile futhi ubeke umkhawulo ekufinyeleleni.Kutuswa ukuthi abasebenzi bezimo eziphuthumayo bagqoke imaski yothuli (imaski yobuso obugcwele) kanye nezingubo zokusebenza ezilwa ne-asidi ne-alkali.Faka isayithi ukusuka phezulu.

b) Ukuvuza okuncane: gwema ukuphakamisa uthuli, qoqa ngefosholo elihlanzekile esitsheni esomile, esihlanzekile esinekhava.Ingabuye igezwe ngamanzi amaningi, futhi amanzi ahlanjululwe ahlanjululwe futhi afakwe ohlelweni lwamanzi angcolile.

c) Inani elikhulu lokuchithwa: ukuqoqa futhi kusetshenziswe kabusha noma ukuthuthelwa endaweni yokulahla imfucuza ukuze kulahlwe.

isitoreji sokulahla

a) Izinyathelo Zokuphatha: Ukusebenza okuvaliwe.Abasebenzisi kufanele baqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile futhi balandele ngokuqinile izinqubo zokusebenza.Kutuswa ukuthi o-opharetha bagqoke izifihla-buso zothuli ezizivalayo, izibuko ezivikela ukuphepha kwamakhemikhali, i-asidi yerabha nezingubo ezimelana ne-alkali, namagilavu ane-asidi yerabha kanye ne-alkali.Ziqhelelanise nemithombo yomlilo neyokushisa, futhi ukubhema kwenqatshelwe ngokuphelele emsebenzini.Sebenzisa amasistimu nemishini yokungenisa umoya engaqhumi.Gwema ukukhiqiza uthuli.Gwema ukuthintana nama-oxidizing agents nama-acids.Lapho uphatha, layisha futhi wehlise kancane ukuze uvimbele umonakalo emaphaketheni nasezitsheni.Ifakwe izinhlobo ezihambisanayo kanye nenani lempahla yokucisha umlilo kanye nempahla yokwelapha eziphuthumayo evuzayo.Iziqukathi ezingenalutho zingase zibe izinsalela eziyingozi.

b) Izinyathelo zokuvikela ukugcinwa: Gcina endaweni epholile, nengena umoya.Gcina kude nomlilo nemithombo yokushisa.Umswakama osemtapweni wolwazi kungcono ungabi ngaphezu kwama-85%.Iphakheji ivaliwe.Kufanele igcinwe ngokuhlukana nama-oxidants nama-asidi, futhi akufanele igcinwe ndawonye.Akufanele igcinwe isikhathi eside ukugwema ukuwohloka.Ifakwe izinhlobonhlobo ezifanele kanye nenani lamathuluzi omlilo.Izindawo zokugcina kufanele zihlonyiswe ngezinto ezifanele zokuqukatha ukuchitheka.

l Izinyathelo zokuphepha zokupakisha nezokuthutha

1. Indlela yokupakisha: Yifake ezigubhu zensimbi eziwugqinsi ongu-0.5 mm bese uvala ngokuqinile, futhi isisindo senetha lesigubhu ngasinye akufanele sidlule i-100 kg;amabhodlela engilazi ayisikulufa, amabhodlela engilazi anekepisi lensimbi, amabhodlela epulasitiki noma amabhokisi okhuni avamile ngaphandle kwezigubhu zensimbi (amathini);Ibhodlela lengilazi elikulungela phezulu, ibhodlela lepulasitiki noma umgqomo wensimbi omncane ofakwe ithayela (ikani) elimbozwe ngebhokisi le-grate yaphansi, ibhokisi le-fiberboard noma ibhokisi le-plywood;isigubhu sensimbi esakhiwe ngothayela omncane (ikani), isigubhu sensimbi (ikani), ibhodlela lepulasitiki noma ipayipi lensimbi Ibhokisi likathayela langaphandle.

2. Izinyathelo zokuqapha ezokuthutha: Uma zithuthwa ngojantshi, izigubhu zensimbi zingathuthwa ngemoto evulekile.Lapho ithuthwa ngojantshi, kufanele ihlanganiswe ngokuvumelana ngokuqinile nethebula lomhlangano wezimpahla eziyingozi “Emithethweni Yokuthuthwa Kwempahla Eyingozi” ekhishwe uMnyango Wezitimela.Ukupakishwa kufanele kuphelele futhi ukulayisha kufanele kuvikeleke ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa.Ngesikhathi sokuthutha, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isitsha asivuzi, sidilika, siwe noma sonakaliswe.Akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele ukuxuba nokuthutha nama-oxidants, ama-acids, amakhemikhali okudla, njll. Lapho uthutha, imoto yokuthutha kufanele ifakwe izinhlobo ezihambisanayo kanye nenani lemishini yokulwa nomlilo kanye nemishini yokwelapha ephuthumayo evuzayo.

Ekugcineni, i-Wit-Stone ithembisa ngalokhu ukuthi izokunikeza imikhiqizo yekhwalithi engcono kakhulu kanye nezinsizakalo eziphelele kakhulu.Abasebenzi bethu bazoba ku-inthanethi amahora angama-24 ngosuku ukuze baphendule imibuzo yakho.Uma ufuna ukwazi okuthile, sicela usithinte!

Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-21-2023

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